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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the prevalent characteristics and related factors of injuries caused by agricultural machinery in 3 provinces Shandong, Henan and Hebei in China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 1621 agricultural machinery operators aged between 18 and 60 years old from Shandong, Henan and Hebei provinces were selected by purposive-cluster sampling method in 2009. Demographic characteristics, injury history caused by agricultural machinery in the last year and the related social and psychological factors were collected by self-designed questionnaire. We used statistical description to report the injury prevalence, and adopted the univariate and multivariate analysis to explore the risk factors.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The average incidence of injuries caused by agricultural machinery was 13.44% (213/1585) in the three provinces, of which 14.46% (202/1397) in males and 5.85% (11/188) in females (χ(2) = 10.56, P < 0.01). Most of injuries (155 cases, 72.77%) occurred between April and August. Being stuck by rolling starting handles (45 cases, 21.13%), being crushed by running or dropping machineries (32 cases, 15.02%), fall from machines (28 cases, 13.15%) ranked the top three causes of injuries. The main related machines were tractors and motor tricycles (133 cases, 62.44%). The leading types of injuries were scratch (115 cases, 53.99%), strain (68 cases, 31.92%) and fracture (37 cases, 17.37%).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that being male (OR = 3.18, 95%CI:1.65-6.15), educational level above high school(OR = 1.69, 95%CI:1.21-2.34), annual family income <2000 yuan (OR = 1.94, 95%CI:1.13-3.32), operating experience ≤ 5 years (OR = 1.70, 95%CI:1.13-2.55), daytime sleepiness (OR = 2.89, 95%CI:1.66-5.01), smoking during machinery operation (OR = 1.43, 95%CI:1.05-1.96), bearing debts (OR = 1.88, 95%CI:1.35-2.63) and suffering from other diseases (OR = 1.42, 95%CI:1.02-1.98) were risk factors of agricultural machinery injuries.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The average incidence of injuries caused by agricultural machinery in the three provinces Shandong, Henan and Hebei, was rather high among agricultural machinery operators, especially in the males. Agricultural machinery injury has been an important issue endangering the health of rural labor force in recent years.</p>
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Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Accidents , Agriculture , China , Epidemiology , Risk Factors , Rural Population , Wounds and Injuries , EpidemiologyABSTRACT
Objective The aim of the study was to understand the quality of life and the related factors of farmer workers in the countryside of Hubei province. Methods Purposive sampling was used to select 529 farmer workers and another 326 government workers were served as controls.'Group investigation' method was used in this study, t-test was used to compare the quality of life among farmer workers and the Chinese norm. SF-36 was used to measure the quality of life. Generalized linear regression model(GLM)and structural equation model(SEM)were applied to test the related factors. Results Quality of life among farmer workers in Hubei was significantly different from the norm of residents in Hangzhou. The quality of life among migrant workers was significantly lower than the government staff(PRP＜0.05, PBP＜0.05, PVT＜0.05)after controlling the confounding factors. Factors as age(B=-0.33), sex(B=-0.07), marital status(B=-0.10),sleeping habits(B=-0.16), fatigue(B=-0.12), life style(B=-0.05)and social status(B=0.93)etc. were related to the quality of life. Conclusion The quality of life among farmer workers was poor, and mainly affected by age, sex, marital status, sleeping habits, fatigue, lifestyle and social status. It is important to reduce the work load and making the work status and life style reasonable to better the quality of life among the farmer workers.
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Objective To investigate the epidemiological condition of the sub-health status of the young and middle-aged persons in urban and rural areas of Hubei province, and to explore the relationships among personality, quality of sleep and sub-health status. Methods Purposive sampling method and Personal Health Status Questionnaire developed by Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences were used to investigate the sub-healthy status of 3187 subjects aged 18-55 and evaluate the relationships among sub-health status, personality and the quality of sleep with structural equation model. Results Gender, education, marriage, age and occupation were factors influencing the status of sub-health. Among all of the subjects, sub-health status of females were more serious than that of males (P＜0.0001 of all). The divorced, separated and widowed ones were more likely to experience sub-health than other status of marriage (P= 0.0006, P=0.0102). The sub-health status of the subjects aged 30-55 in the urban (P=0.0197)and low-literacy residents in rural (P=0.0003)were among the worst. The condition of the sub-health in migrant workers and professional were worse compared to other occupational groups (P=0.0043). Structural equation model analysis revealed that sub-health status associated with the quality of sleep and the type of characteristics (P＜0.01 ). Conclusion Sub-health status did exist among the young and middle-aged persons and was influenced by the quality of sleep and personality. However, it could be adjusted by improving the quality of sleep and personality to prevent sub-health.
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Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics and influential factors on internet addiction disorder (IAD) among first-grade junior students in Wuhan city. Methods An anonymous questionnaire survey was carried out on 1219 first-grade junior students through stratified cluster sampling in 4 middle schools in Wuhan city. Results The internet use rate (IUR) of first-grade junior students was 96.43% , with the average of primary surfer age as 8.93 + 1.95. The internet addiction tendency (IAT) rate and the IAD rate were 10.87% and 7.71% respectively. The IAT and the IAD detection rates among male students were significantly higher than in female students (χ~2=13.04,P<0.01). By ordinal logistic regression analysis, the relative factors mainly involved 6 aspects in IAD, including sex, poor academic performance, the surfer number of times, the surfer time, the surfer place and the surfer expense. Conclusion The prevalence rates of IAT and IAD were quite high in the first-grade junior students in Wuhan. School authorities, teachers and guardians should collaboratively working together to guide the students in using the network correctly, and to carry out effective interventions to reduce the incidence of internet addiction.
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Objective We developed a scale on opioid addicts' sensitivity to drug-related environments for assessing addicts sensitivity and influential factors, which could provide evidence for psychological interventions on detoxification. Methods The survey on opioid addicts' sensitivity was administered to 1096 opioid addicts through stratified random cluster sampling in mandatory detoxification centers from 5 cities in China. Results Patients were more sensitive to environments directly related to drug abuse, social and family environments, especially in those cases that lack of love from family or watching drug use from others, with percentages of persons having strong response reaching 59.40% and 59.05%, respectively. The risk factors of patients' sensitivity to environments directly related to drug abuse would include long period of drug use, high frequency of drug abuse, drug abuse in family members and negative family attitudes ( F = 17.10, P＜ 0. 0001 ). Being female, younger of age, long period of drug use and negative family attitudes increased the extent of patients' sensitivity to social and family environments (F = 8.52, P＜0. 0001) while long period of drug use, high frequency of drug abuse, and negative family attitudes increased the extent of patients' sensitivity to environments indirectly related to drug abuse (F =10.08, P ＜ 0. 0001). Conclusion Patients were very sensitive to drug-related environments. The extent of patients' sensitivity was influenced by sex, age, years of drug use, the frequency of drug abuse, having drug user in family and the family attitudes towards them.
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To explore the role and application of Meta-regression and subgroup analyses to recognize and control the heterogeneity in Meta-analysis, Meta-regression models were established by secondary data to screen the factors resulting heterogeneity,and subgroup analyses were used to compare the change of heterogeneity before and after.The heterogeneity was found in the Meta-analysis(Q=44.71,df=27,P=0.017).Sample size and region were selected(P=0.012 and P=0.091,respectively)by Meta-regression from many possible factors such as sample size,year,region and case/contml ratio.The Q values were lowered from 44.71 to 32.11 after subgroup analyses.Thus,Metaregression method was convenient and reliable to screen the affected factors of heterogeneity,and subgroup analyses based on the hypothesis that could significantly lower the heterogeneity.It was recommended to a combined use when an obvious heterogeneity existed but was in need to get an overall result in Metaanalysis.We could correctly judge and lower the heterogeneity to increase the robustness and rationality of results from Meta-analysis.
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Objective To study the knowledge,attitude and behavior on drugs abuse among junior middle school students.Methods Junior students of 4 middle schools from 2 cities and 2 small towns were sampled by stratified cluster random sampling method in Xiangfan and Daye respectively,and data was gathered from self-report questionnaires then analyized using SPSS 12.0.Results Among 1079 junior middle school students,80.00% of them having good grades for questions about drugs in general while 34.24% ones having poor grades for questions regarding drugs addiction.54.47%and 41.79% of the students were puzzled on questions related to the harm of drug on brain and body respectively.30.00% of the students misunderstood the behaviors related to drugs and another 3.20% of them were curious about drugs.1.58% of the boys and 1.22% of the girls ever having used drugs,with the average age was 9.5years old when started using drugs.25.20% of the students ever persuaded their friends to keep away from drugs,while 44.05%-61.29% would refuse the advice from their friends in persuading them to be off from drugs.Conclusion Junior students had poor knowledge or even wrong ideas about the harm caused by drug,suggesting that it was in urgent need to effectively develop preventive education based on the characteristics of adolescents.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the social mental state of drug addicts in a compulsive drug abuse treatment center; evaluate the effectiveness of integrated program for the prevention of abuse relapse and improvement of drug addicts' psychological health.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The study subjects were addicts from the Wuhan Compulsive Drug Abuse Treatment Center between October 2003 and June 2004, who satisfied the inclusion criteria. A non-randomized control-intervention study design was adopted. Volunteers willing to take part in intervention were put into the intervention group with their full awareness and willingness to prevent drug abuse relapse. The control group was composed of the addicts who were willing to prevent relapse and to be followed up after their discharge.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The effectiveness of the integrated intervention program in promoting addicts' psychological health: before the intervention, the scores of Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), the positive and negative dimensionalities of Simple Coping Style Questionnaire (SCSQ) and Chinese Perceived Stress Scales (CPSS) had no significant differences between the intervention group and the control group. After the intervention, except that the SCSQ's positive dimensionality in the intervention group was significantly higher than that in the control group, other indices in the intervention group were lower. Before and after the intervention, the psychological health level in both the groups was lower than that in the normal population; there were significant differences between addicts and normal subjects in regards with all of the indices above.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Drug abuse was associated closely with addicts' social mental factors. The integrated intervention program can alleviate anxiety and stress, reduce co-morbid mental disorders and effectively improve their coping style. In conclusion, the program can promote addicts' psychological health significantly.</p>
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Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Adaptation, Psychological , Case-Control Studies , Mental Health , Program Evaluation , Stress, Psychological , Substance-Related Disorders , Psychology , TherapeuticsABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the role of knowledge, attitude and perceived social norm on the use of New Type of Drugs (NTD) and to construct the mediated model among these factors.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>With stratified random group sampling, 3018 students from 3 middle schools, 3 high schools, 3 vocational high schools and a municipal-own university in Wuhan city completed questionnaires under anonymous and voluntary practice. A conceptual model was developed based on Reasoned Behavior Theory. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test the proposed model.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The overall prevalent rate of NTD was 3.28%, with 4.81% for males, 1.94% for females,1.80% for middle school students, 2.91% for general high school students, 7.83% for vocational school students and 3.25% for college students. SEM seemed to have been fixed nicely into the model. Adolescent NTD was significantly predicted by knowledge, attitude, perceived social norm which were all directly affecting or medicated by the susceptibility of drugs.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Knowledge, attitude, perceived social norm might increase the risks for NTD use among adolescents, suggesting that preventive education on drug use among adolescents should be paid to improve the knowledge on drugs.</p>
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Female , Humans , Male , Adolescent Behavior , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Models, Psychological , Risk Factors , Social Behavior , Social Values , Students , Substance-Related Disorders , PsychologyABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the status on the initial use of illicit drugs among the college students in Wuhan city,and to explore its related risk factors for developing strategies to reduce the rate.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>College students were enrolled from universities by stratified randomization, and were asked to answer the self-report questionnaires anonymously. The related risk factors with initial illicit drugs were analyzed by univariate analyses and logistic regression analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The rate of initial illicit drugs use reached 2.0 % among 5677 studied college students in Wuhan city including 2.8 % male students ever once used illicitly with the rate as 5.5 % among senior college students. The overall rate of initial illicit drugs use among students who were under the conditions of insomniac, depression, smoking cigarettes, drinking alcohol,lack of parents' care and bad relationship with classmates were seen as 3.3 %, 3.8%, 18.0 %, 16.3%, 12.0%,16.0% respectively. The rate of initial illicit drugs use among those who were with very high or low family income were 4.0% and 3.1% respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>There was high rate of initial illicit drug use among college students in Wuhan city and the major risk factors of the initial illicit drugs use would include smoke, drink, depression, bad relationship with classmates and being in higher grade. The problem of the initial illicit drugs was very serious among the college students in Wuhan city which called for special attention.</p>
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Adolescent , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , China , Random Allocation , Risk Factors , Students , Substance-Related Disorders , Economics , Epidemiology , Surveys and Questionnaires , UniversitiesABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To identify the direct causes of drug relapse and abstainers' demand, and to develop programs for the prevention of drug relapse.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Abstainers in a Compulsive Detoxification Center in Wuhan City, capital of Hubei Province were randomly selected. An investigation on the direct causes of drug relapse and abstainers' demands was conducted with multiple-choice questionnaires and face to face interviews. Data were analyzed with SPSS 12.0.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The direct causes leading to drug relapse included: temptation to use drug again by themselves or by their drug mates, seeking pleasure and ecstasy from drug use, relatively well off living, mental stress, irritation, demoralization, family conflicts, unemployment, feeling distrusted by the family, lack of care and love from the family, and discrimination by others. abstainers' demands after detoxification and returning to the society included: care and support from the family, employment assistance, changing living environment, understanding by others, support from the society, and keeping far away from drugs.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Environmental factors are the direct causes of drug relapse, and negative irritation is its predisposing causes. Leaving former residence, more care and help given by both the family and the society and raising their overall quality of life are the demands of abstainers.</p>
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Adult , Female , Humans , Male , China , Patient Compliance , Recurrence , Socioeconomic Factors , Substance-Related Disorders , Psychology , Rehabilitation , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the influence of smoking on chronic diseases among people with various income levels in China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Cross-sectional study on smoking behavior, chronic disease and income level was performed using database of the Second National Health Service Study (1998) provided by the Ministry of Health in China.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared to never-smokers, smokers (including current smokers and former smokers) had a higher rate of having chronic diseases, after adjusted in age, income, educational level, employment status and type of jobs with corresponding countryside (OR = 1.185, 95% CI: 1.121 - 1.253 and town OR = 1.083, 95% CI: 1.010 - 1.161). Smoking had a more serious effect on having chronic illness in males from the countryside (former-smoker OR = 2.764, 95% CI: 2.471 - 3.092) than in town (former-smoker OR = 2.112, 95% CI: 1.844 - 2.419). Smokers at the lowest income level had a higher possibility of having chronic illness (town OR = 2.076, 95% CI: 1.551 - 2.780; countryside OR = 2.903, 95% CI: 2.248 - 3.749) than those at the highest income level (town OR = 1.785, 95% CI: 1.285 - 2.479 in the countryside OR = 2.466, 95% CI: 1.941 - 3.134).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Smoking might cause more serious health problems to people at lower income level in China.</p>
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Female , Humans , Male , China , Epidemiology , Chronic Disease , Epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Income , Smoking , Social ClassABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the application of serum glutathione S-transferase (GST) and urinary 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) as the monitoring biomarkers for coke oven workers exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>47 male coke oven workers and 31 male control workers were investigated. Urinary 8-OHdG and serum GST were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection and test kit. Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) as internal exposure of PAHs was also determined simultaneously by alkaline hydrolysis and HPLC.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The values of urinary 1-OHP, serum GST and urinary 8-OHdG were reported as median with interquartile range (P(25)-P(75)). Urinary 1-OHP [5.7 (1.4-12.0) micromol/mol Cr], serum GST [22.1 (14.9-31.2) U/ml], and urinary 8-OHdG [1.9 (1.4-15.4) micromol/mol Cr] in coke oven workers were significantly higher than in control workers [3.0 (0.5-6.4) micromol/mol Cr (P < 0.05), 13.1 (9.5-16.7) U/ml (P < 0.01), and 1.3 (1.0-4.0) micromol/mol Cr (P < 0.05) respectively]. Categorizing by smoking status, significant differences in urinary 1-OHP and serum GST were found only in smokers among coke oven workers compared to control workers (P < 0.01), and 8-OHdG levels only in non-smokers (P < 0.01). Additionally, there was significant correlation between urinary 1-OHP and serum GST activity (r(s) = 0.31, P < 0.01, n = 78). The multiple logistic regression analysis showed that coke oven workers were at the higher risk of having GST activities above 16.7 U/ml (OR = 13.2) and 8-OHdG levels above 1.8 micromol/mol creatinine (OR = 4.4). High body mass index was an independent factor to affect urinary 8-OHdG levels.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The elevated serum GST activities and increased oxidative DNA damage were found in the coke oven workers. Occupational exposure and smoking interact on each other. Serum GST may be used as a biomarker for assessing the exposure of PAHs. Assay of urinary 8-OHdG may be useful for evaluating the risk of lung cancer in coke oven workers.</p>
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Adult , Humans , Male , Case-Control Studies , Coke , Deoxyguanosine , Urine , Glutathione Transferase , Blood , Occupational ExposureABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate an effective method to facilitate the physical and mental recovery of drug abusers in detoxification restoration period.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Integrated interventions were adopted to observe the changes in the physical and mental conditions of female drug abusers who had withdrawn drugs.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Comparing behavioral changes between the two groups before and after intervention, we found that changes of score in the intervention group were all higher than those in the control group in terms of their physical symptoms or state of anxiety.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>It is necessary to help drug abusers understand the harm of drug-abuse, build up self-confidence and improve EQ through interventions. It will be beneficial for the drug addicts to refrain from drug-taking and regain a normal life. Our study has proved that positive results can only be obtained from integrated intervention projects.</p>